Mark Corson

By T. Will. The Naval Postgraduate School.

A gradual slowing of the clearance rate was seen after the first 6 h (Shearer et al buy copegus 100 mg otc. This slowing of the clearance rate may be explained by the complexity of the plasma transport of phylloquinone buy copegus 100mg low price, in which the proportion of phylloquinone associated with low-density and high-density lipo- proteins increases progressively (Lamon-Fava et al discount copegus 100mg without a prescription. The plasma disposition of oral doses of 5–60 mg phylloquinone (Konakion or AquaMephyton) is similar to that found after a more physiological dose (≤ 1 mg), with peak plasma concentrations at 4–6 h followed by a rapid clearance phase (Shearer et al. After an oral dose of 10 or 50 mg Konakion, the plasma concentration declined from the peak absorptive level at a similar log-linear rate as that seen after intravenous adminis- tration, with a terminal half-time of about 2 h for measurements up to 9–12 h (Park et al. The absorption of oral preparations of phylloquinone shows inter- and intra-individual variation and, for doses of Konakion ranging from 10 to 60 mg, the bioavailability was 10–63% (Park et al. The pharmacokinetics of phylloquinone after an intramuscular dose is completely different, showing sustained, slow release from the muscle site over many hours and marked inter-individual variation (Hagstrom et al. After intramuscular injection of phylloquinone (AquaMephyton R), most of the substance was carried by low-density and high- density lipoproteins instead of by triglyceride-rich (very-low-density) lipoproteins as found after oral administration (Hagstrom et al. An early study of the plasma disposition of 1 mg Konakion given orally or intra- muscularly at birth showed wide inter-individual differences during the first 24 h, especially after oral administration (McNinch et al. The peak plasma concen- tration after an oral dose occurred after 4 h; the median concentration was 73 ng/mL, which fell to 23 ng/mL after 24 h. The plasma concentration after administration of 1 mg of Konakion intramuscularly exceeded those after oral administration at all times, and after 24 h the median was 444 ng/mL. Physiologically, these concentrations compare with adult endogenous levels of about 0. By 24 days, the concentrations in both groups were mainly within the adult physiological range (0. In this study, however, the plasma concentrations after 24 days were significantly higher after intramuscular injection, consistent with the hypothesis of the depot effect of intramuscular phyllo- quinone (Loughnan & McDougall, 1996; see also section 4. They calculated from published studies that a realistic estimate of the terminal plasma half-time in neonates was 26–193 h (median, 76 h), as compared with 8–22 h (median, 14 h) in adults after intravenous administration (Øie et al. This longer terminal half- time may reflect the poorly developed organ systems of neonates and a reduced capacity to metabolize and excrete vitamin K (Stoeckel et al. The plasma profile of an oral dose of this preparation in five-day- old infants appeared to be similar to that of phylloquinone; after a 4-mg dose, a peak concentration of about 100 ng/mL was achieved after 3–4 h, before declining to about 30 ng/mL by 12 h (Shinzawa et al. The liver has often been assumed to be a major depot for vitamin K because it is the site of synthesis of the vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteins. Measurements of phyllo- quinone in livers obtained at autopsy from 32 adults in the United Kingdom revealed hepatic concentrations ranging from 1. Similar hepatic concentrations of phylloquinone were found in a smaller number of analyses of post-mortem samples from adults in Japan (10 ng/g) (Uchida & Komeno, 1988) and in The Netherlands (11 ng/g) (Thijssen & Drittij-Reijnders, 1996). The distribution of the various forms of vitamin K in the liver is quite different from that in plasma in that the major transport form, phylloquinone, represents the minority of total hepatic stores (about 10%); the remainder comprises bacterial menaquinones, mainly menaquinones- 6–13 (Shearer et al. The pattern of individual menaquinones in the liver varies considerably between individuals (Shearer et al. This proposal is supported by the finding that two menaquinones, -10 and -11, which are major forms in most liver samples (Uchida & Komeno, 1988; Thijssen & Drittij- Reijnders, 1996), are known to be synthesized by Bacteroides species which are predom- inant members of the human intestinal flora (Conly & Stein, 1992); yet menaquinone- 10 and menaquinone-11 do not make appreciable contributions to normal diets (Shearer et al. The concentration in the heart (~5 ng/g) [~10 pmol/g] is comparable to those in the liver, and even higher concen- trations (~13 ng/g) [~25 pmol/g] are found in the pancreas, but lower concentrations (< 1 ng/g) [< 2 pmol/g] were detected in brain, kidney and lung. These tissues do not appear to contain appreciable concentrations of menaquinones except for the short- chain menaquinone-4. Particularly high concentrations of menaquinone-4 relative to phylloquinone are present in the kidney, brain and pancreas. Although these and other tissues contain the enzymes of the vitamin K epoxide cycle (see Figure 1) and carry out vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of protein precursors, this would not appear to account for the tissue-specific accumulation of menaquinone-4 and may suggest a hitherto unrecognized physiological role for menaquinone-4 in certain tissues (Shearer, 1992; Thijssen & Drittij-Reijnders, 1996). Indeed, menaquinone-4 may arise by tissue synthesis from phylloquinone itself (Davidson et al. Osteocalcin is a major vitamin K-dependent bone protein synthesized by osteo- blasts and therefore requires a source of vitamin K for γ-glutamyl carboxylation. Both trabecular and cortical bone contain ample reserves of vitamin K, with phylloquinone predominating and smaller amounts of shorter-chain menaquinones (Hodges et al. With the absence of the typical hepatic forms menaquinones- 10–13, the vitamin K content of bone resembles that of other extrahepatic tissues. The endogenous stores of vitamin K in the liver of the newborn differ both quantitatively and qualitatively from those of adults because the concentrations and total reserves of phylloquinone are lower than those of adults (Shearer et al. The carboxylation reaction is driven by a vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity (1) coupled to vitamin K- epoxidase activity (1) which simultaneously converts vitamin K quinol to vitamin K 2,3-epoxide. Vitamin K 2,3-epoxide is reduced back to the quinone by vitamin K epoxide reductase (2A). The cycle is completed by the reduction of recycled vitamin K quinone by vitamin K reductase activity (2B). The activities of both vitamin K epoxide (2A) and vitamin K reductase (2B) are dithiol-dependent (dithiol and disulfide denote reduced and oxidized dithiols) and are inhibited by coumarin anticoagulants such as warfarin. The median hepatic con- centration of 1 ng/g in term infants is equivalent to a total liver pool of about 0. Hepatic phylloquinone concentrations may remain elevated for several weeks after injection: in two infants known to have received 1 mg phylloquinone by the intramuscular route and who survived 13 and 28 days, the total hepatic stores were 24 and 15 μg, respectively (Shearer et al. In three newborns who survived < 24 h, the hepatic concentrations of phylloquinone ranged from 63 to 94 μg/g (total liver stores, 2800–7300 μg), which were four orders of magnitude higher than the endogenous concentrations of 0.

One of the disadvantages of such a system is that it is characterized by a high polymer concentration (25% poloxamer) buy generic copegus 100 mg online, and the surfactant properties of poloxamer may be detrimental to ocular tolerability order copegus 100 mg with visa. Gellan gum is an anionic polysaccharide formulated in aqueous solution copegus 100 mg sale, which forms clear gels under the influence of an increase in ionic strength. The gellation increases proportionally to the amount of either monovalent or divalent cations. The reflex tearing, which often leads to a dilution of ophthalmic solutions, further enhances the viscosity of the gellan gum by increasing the tear volume and thus the increased cation concentration. It is also possible to develop systems which undergo both temperature and pH dependent changes in structure. Carbomers form acidic, low viscosity, aqueous dispersions that transform into stiff gels when the pH is raised. Although these aqueous materials can form gels in situ in the conjunctival sac upon instillation, they often cause irritation to the eye due to their high acidity and sometimes the dispersions are not easily neutralized by the buffering action of the tear fluid. Various polymer combinations have been investigated in attempts to improve the gelling properties and reduce the total polymer content of formulations, thereby improving their tolerability. Dispersed systems These can be grouped into suspensions, particulates, liposomes and emulsions. Suspensions 311 Suspensions are commonly formulated by dispersing micronized drug powder (< 10 μm in diameter) in a suitable aqueous vehicle. Ophthalmic suspensions, particularly for the steroids, are thought to be acceptable as delivery systems since it is assumed that drug particles persist in the conjunctival sac giving rise to a sustained release effect. However, suspensions have a disadvantage that the concentration of dissolved drugs cannot be manipulated due to their relative insolubility in the vehicle. Several investigators have shown the importance of particle size of the suspension in ocular drug delivery. Unfortunately, a particle size above 10 μm in diameter may result in a foreign body sensation in the eye following ocular application causing reflex tearing. A reduction in particle size generally improves the patient comfort and acceptability of suspension formulations. Particulates Although the suspension technique may be useful in extending drug release under certain conditions, it is only applicable to drugs that are practically insoluble in water, such as corticosteroids. For drugs that are somewhat water-soluble, the particulate approach may be considered. Particulates are commonly classified into micro- and nanoparticles based on the size of the particles. Nanoparticles are colloidal particles ranging from 10 to 1,000 nm, in which drug may be entrapped, encapsulated, and/or absorbed. Microparticulates are drug-containing small polymeric particles (erodible, non-erodible or ion-exchange resins) within the size of 1–10 μm, which are suspended in a liquid carrier medium. Several distinct approaches have been used to formulate drugs in a microparticulate dosage form suitable for topical application. These include erodible microparticulates, swelling mucoadhesive particulates, pH responsive microparticulates, latex systems, ion-exchange resins, etc. Upon administration of particle suspension to the eye, the particles reside at the delivery site (cul-de-sac, sub conjunctiva or vitreous humor) and the drug is released from the particles through diffusion, chemical reaction, polymer degradation, or ion-exchange mechanism, resulting in increased ocular absorption. Piloplex was one of the first commercial exploration of nanoparticle formulations in ocular drug delivery. The formulation consists of pilocarpine-loaded nanospheres of poly(methylmethacrylate-acrylic acid) copolymer. Following this introduction, many nanoparticle systems have been investigated for the prolongation of contact time in order to increase the ocular absorption. A significant reduction in intra- ocular pressure was noted following administration of betaxolol-poly- ε caprolactone nanoparticles, compared to the commercial eyedrops. The enhancement was ascribed to two factors: one because the nanoparticles increased the precorneal retention of the drug by agglomeration; and secondly because the entrapped drug was in the non-ionized form in the oily core of the carrier and could diffuse at a great rate into the cornea. Similar improvements were obtained with carteolol (β-blocker) which induced a better penetration of the drug from the nanosphere formulation. Liposomes Liposomes can be defined as microscopic vesicles, composed of membrane-like lipid bilayers surrounding aqueous compartments (see Section 5. Phospholipids commonly used in the preparation of liposomes are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin, cardiolipins and cerebrosides. The versatility in manufacturing and use of liposomes is attributed to their amphiphilic nature. Both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs can be encapsulated within the lipid vesicles. It has been shown that drugs with very low or very high logP values exhibit prolonged liposomal retention. The first application of liposomes in ocular drug delivery involved the application of a 312 liposomal suspension of idoxuridine to rabbits for the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. The liposmal formulation was found to be more efficient results compared to the aqueous solution. Liposomes can be easily prepared from non-toxic materials, which are non-irritant and do not obscure vision. Unfortunately, routine use of liposomes in topical ocular drug delivery is presently limited by short shelf life of the formulation, limited drug loading capacity and obstacles in sterilizing the preparation. Emulsions Emulsions have been used for centuries for the oral administration of medical oils and vitamins and as dermatological vehicles. Recently, their application has been extended as drug carriers in the delivery and targeting of ophthalmic drugs. An indomethacin emulsion has been reported to increase ocular bioavailability and efficacy compared to commercially available formulation in rabbits. The emulsion formulation also reduced ocular surface irritation caused by indomethacin.

Biggar Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre Queensland University of Technology University of Auckland Brisbane Auckland Australia New Zealand Esperanza J copegus 100 mg cheap. Invited Specialists do not serve as Meeting Chair or Subgroup Chair copegus 100mg, draf text that pertains to the description or interpretation of cancer data buy copegus 100 mg with visa, or participate in the evaluations. Each participant was asked to disclose pertinent research, employment, and fnancial interests. Current fnancial interests and research and employment interests during the past 4 years or anticipated in the future are identifed here. All grants that support the expert’s research or position and all consulting or speaking on behalf of an interested party on matters before a court or government agency are listed as signifcant pertinent interests. Guyton London Béatrice Lauby-Secretan (Rapporteur England Exposure Data) Ho-Sun Lee Dana Loomis (Rapporteur Cancer in Humans) 7 Olaf Kelber Heidi Mattock (Scientifc Editor) World Self-Medication Industry Douglas Puricelli Perin Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH Mónica S. Sierra Darmstadt Kurt Straif (Head of Programme) Germany Jiri Zavadil 8 Administrative Assistance Egon Koch World Self-Medication Industry Sandrine Egraz Dr. He holds stock of pharmaceutical companies marketing drugs that are reviewed at this meeting. He provides expert testimony with respect to the commercialization of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Tis began to consider means of obtaining interna- is the frst step in cancer prevention, which is tional expert opinion on this topic. Te biological activity and is expected to reach 15 million by 2020 (Stewart evaluation of practical importance to public & Kleihues, 2003). As a result government authorities with expert, independ- of Monographs evaluations, national health agen- ent, scientifc opinion on environmental carcino- cies have been able, on scientifc grounds, to take genesis. Working Groups whose deliberations resulted in A cancer ‘hazard’ is an agent that is capable the frst 16 volumes of the Monographs series. Te dis- entifc principles, rather than a specifcation of tinction between hazard and risk is important, working procedures. Te procedures through and the Monographs identify cancer hazards which a Working Group implements these prin- even when risks are very low at current exposure ciples are not specifed in detail. Tey usually levels, because new uses or unforeseen exposures involve operations that have been established could engender risks that are signifcantly higher. Objective and scope some circumstances (see Part B, Section 3a) con- Te objective of the programme is to pre- tribute to the judgement that the agent is carci- pare, with the help of international Working nogenic. Te terms ‘neoplasm’ and ‘tumour’ are Groups of experts, and to publish in the form of used interchangeably. Monographs, critical reviews and evaluations of Te Preamble continues the previous usage evidence on the carcinogenicity of a wide range of the phrase ‘strength of evidence’ as a matter of human exposures. Te Monographs repre- of historical continuity, although it should be sent the frst step in carcinogen risk assessment, understood that Monographs evaluations con- which involves examination of all relevant infor- sider studies that support a fnding of a cancer mation to assess the strength of the available evi- hazard as well as studies that do not. Te Monographs studies indicate that diferent agents may act at may also indicate where additional research diferent stages in the carcinogenic process, and eforts are needed, specifcally when data imme- several diferent mechanisms may be involved. Te aim of the Monographs has been, from their In this Preamble, the term ‘agent’ refers to inception, to evaluate evidence of carcinogenic- any entity or circumstance that is subject to ity at any stage in the carcinogenesis process, evaluation in a Monograph. Tis list of categories may expand as international scientifc conferences to determine whether a broad-based consensus has emerged 8 Preamble on how specifc mechanistic data can be used exposure and (b) there is some evidence or sus- in an evaluation of human carcinogenicity. Chemical analogues and compounds Although the Monographs have emphasized with biological or physical characteristics simi- hazard identifcation, important issues may also lar to those of suspected carcinogens may also involve dose–response assessment. In many be considered, even in the absence of data on a cases, the same epidemiological and experimen- possible carcinogenic efect in humans or experi- tal studies used to evaluate a cancer hazard can mental animals. A Monograph may undertake to estimate lished data relevant to an assessment of carci- dose–response relationships within the range nogenicity. In agents should be evaluated in the Monographs some cases, a subsequent publication may be pre- series. Recent recommendations are avail- pared by a separate Working Group with exper- able on the Monographs programme web site tise in quantitative dose–response assessment. Tis can be useful body of information on which public health deci- for updating a database, reviewing new data to sions may be based. Public health options vary resolve a previously open question or identifying from one situation to another and from country new tumour sites associated with a carcinogenic to country and relate to many factors, including agent. Selection of agents for review Each Monograph reviews all pertinent epi- Agents are selected for review on the basis of demiological studies and cancer bioassays in two main criteria: (a) there is evidence of human experimental animals. If a group of similar studies is Te Working Group is responsible for the crit- not reviewed, the reasons are indicated. A Monograph does not necessarily Members are: (i) to ascertain that all appropriate cite all the mechanistic literature concerning data have been collected; (ii) to select the data rel- the agent being evaluated (see Part B, Section evant for the evaluation on the basis of scientifc 4). Only those data considered by the Working merit; (iii) to prepare accurate summaries of the Group to be relevant to making the evaluation data to enable the reader to follow the reasoning are included. Working ernment agency reports that are publicly avail- Group Members are selected on the basis of (a) able are also considered. Exceptionally, doctoral knowledge and experience and (b) absence of real theses and other material that are in their fnal or apparent conficts of interests. In the sections on chemical and physical proper- ties, on analysis, on production and use and on (b) Invited Specialists occurrence, published and unpublished sources Invited Specialists are experts who also have of information may be considered. Tese ance of the adequacy of the study design or of experts are invited when necessary to assist in the analysis and interpretation of the results, and the Working Group by contributing their unique limitations are clearly outlined in square brack- knowledge and experience during subgroup and ets at the end of each study description (see Part plenary discussions. Te reasons for not giving further considera- text on non-infuential issues in the section on tion to an individual study also are indicated in exposure, such as a general description of data the square brackets. Meeting participants or subgroup chair, draf text that pertains to the description or interpretation of cancer data, or Five categories of participant can be present participate in the evaluations.

Aronson purchase copegus 100 mg online, there is another approach to classification based on a psychological theory buy copegus 100mg lowest price, that order 100mg copegus fast delivery, from his point view, is to be preferred, as it explains events rather than merely describing them. Its disadvantage is that it concentrates on human rather than systems sources of errors. The classification of medication errors based on a psychological approach is presented on Fig. The classification based of medication errors based on a psychological approach It should be noted that, the pharmacovigilance system used other classifications of medications errors and their combinations for research, collection of statistics Unfortunately, in Ukraine, it is impossible to conduct a classification of medication errors, as there is no relevant definition and national pharmacovigilance system only includes data on adverse drugs reaction. However, international experience shows differentiation concepts ―medications errors‖ and ―adverse drug reaction‖ that is included in their pharmacovigilance system. Issues of relationship between medication errors and adverse drug events are the subject of study of American and European scientists. In our opinion, this subject is topical for Ukraine, given the Eurointegration processes and the reform of the domestic health care system. According to the study definition of medication error and the main approaches to the classification established that today the term is not used in Ukraine. Most often of the National pharmacovigilance system applies the term "adverse drug reaction". Regarding the classification of medications errors, can be argued that today based on the study of international experience, there are several approaches to the classification of medications errors, the most common of them is the classification according to methods ways in which errors occur and psychological approach, proposed by Professor Jeffrey K. Term ―medication error‖ is not used in the Ukrainian health care system and pharmacovigilance that is not in accordance with global trends. The homeopathic treatment has attracted the attention of scientists and practical experts of medicine and pharmacy since Ukraine became independent. Thus, in 2001, current State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine was introduced; it includes sections devoted to homeopathic medicines. The definition of homeopathy, its basic preparations, types of raw materials, general requirements to them and to the method of potentiation and certain types of quality control are provided in the ―Homeopathic Medicines‖ section and its sub-clauses. According to the current law, homeopathic pharmacies (departments) activities are regulated by the Order No. The Order is valid for more than 20 years, and current conditions of the pharmaceutical industry are different, so the provisions of the Order are not relevant now, and they need to be revised and improved in the current situation. The aim of our research is to analyze the main tasks and functions homeopathic pharmacies. Research has been carried out with the use of information materials, including pharmacopoeias, data from literature sources and materials of own research, using conventional empirical methods. All the above-mentioned tasks and functions of homeopathic pharmacies are taken as a basis of modern ―Regulations on Specialized Homeopathic Pharmacy‖ and ―Regulations on homeopathic Pharmacy Department‖. These Regulations define the main principles and activity areas of such pharmacies, their internal structure, tasks, functions, responsibilities, rights and relationships with other pharmacy departments. Scientific achievements have been tested and approved by the ―Pharmacy‖ Problem Committee of the Ministry of Health and National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine and agreed with Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency of Ukraine. Practical application has been found in homeopathic pharmacies (departments) of five regions of Ukraine. We have analyzed and summarized the objectives and functions of homeopathic pharmacies for the first time during last years. Taking into account them, the Regulations about homeopathic pharmacy and department, which reflect the specifics of the work of such pharmacies (departments), were developed and proposed. Market pharmaceutical industry takes a special place in the social sector of the economy of each country. The activities of the pharmaceutical market takes place in the form of private enterprise, so all the processes of reorganization and restructuring of the pharmaceutical companies have the same final goal – improving business effectiveness. However, the specificity of the pharmaceutical business, its enormous social responsibilities imposes special requirements to the quality of its operations. In this context, pharmaceutical companies should be considered as special business system. The activities of the modern pharmaceutical enterprise is a series of business processes, representing a sequence of actions and decisions aimed at achievement of a certain goal, therefore as a whole the effectiveness of the company is conditioned by efficiency of their business processes. The aim is research of effectiveness of business processes at the manufacturing pharmaceutical company. To realize the certain goal it was necessary to solve the following problem: to examine the theoretical basis and methodology of business processes; identify and summarize the criteria for assessing the effectiveness of business processes Materials and methods. In the study we used the methods of systematic, comparative, retrospective analysis and methods of sociological research. Statistical, economic and other information is processed and analyzed with the help of modern computer technology. The Business-process of the pharmaceutical market is a series of interrelated functions and tasks aimed at making profit and representation of pharmaceutical services from creation to realization of pharmaceutical products. The main operational business processes of the pharmaceutical market include supply, production, marketing and sales. With that, a significant proportion of profits during formation of pharmaceutical services presentation, production and sale of pharmaceutical products are formed in the implementation of business processes of marketing and sales. They form a group of business process of marketing-oriented management of pharmaceutical market. In order to optimize business-processes expedient implement a method that involves the stability of business projects as producer relationships with customers, suppliers and intermediaries. To realize the this thesis we propose implementation units integrated program Customer Satisfaction in individual business, which allows 244 increasing efficiency of key business processes.

The composition of capsules with diclofenac sodium was formulated under the supervision of Associate Professor Sichkar A order 100 mg copegus with visa. The pharmacotechnological properties analysis of the test substance diclofenac sodium had shown that the substance had poor flowability cheap 100 mg copegus fast delivery, hence it was concluded that direct filling of powder into capsules was not possible buy cheap copegus 100 mg line. It is predetermined application of special inactive ingredients for improvement pharmacotechnological characteristics. Capsule mixtures on the basis of substance were investigated with combinations of lactose monohydrate, potato starch, croscarmellose sodium, aerosil, talc, magnesium stearate in different correlations. Since diclofenac sodium is poorly soluble in water, starch and croscarmellose sodium were used to increase penetration of the stomach liquid into encapsulated mass in capsules. Aerosil and magnesium stearate reduces the friction between particles of the composition and the surface friction between particles of the composition and the equipment surface. It was established that lactose monohydrate and aerosil have more influence on flowability of the active substance. Auxiliary ingredients and technology of capsules with diclofenac sodium for manufacture in Iraq were chosen as a result of research. In the pharmaceutical industry, project management is the key to addressing the unique regulatory, compliance and quality related needs of the industry. The process of clinical research and drug development, coupled with the critical issue of time to market, can capitalize on project management techniques to effectively apply scheduling, risk management, and comprehensive quality assurance and control to the process of bringing a drug to market in a cost-efficient way. Project management is a discipline that can be applied to all industries, regardless of the product or service they are designed to deliver. Beyond its basic application across various industries, project management has tremendous value when effectively implemented to significantly increase the success of the product or service being delivered. The pharmaceutical industry has encountered major shifts in recent years, both within the industry and in its external environment. Some of the factors responsible for this shift include the rising cost of healthcare due to an aging population, the increase in rigorous regulatory requirements, and company mergers within the industry. These factors have led to an increased need for restructuring, cost reduction, and culture change projects. Every industry has different ―stress points‖—those points that are most critical to the specific product or service being delivered. Depending on the industry, one (sometimes more) of these stress points directly affects that industry‘s profit, thereby making that point absolutely critical to the success of the product, and the company delivering it. It becomes, therefore, a priority in the set of processes involved in producing the product. Specifically in the pharmaceutical industry, there has never been a tougher time to be involved in drug development. In recent years, the market has become much 400 more competitive, and the political, regulatory, social and economic pressures have become much more intense. Also, each year at least one drug company experiences a recall of one of their drugs, lawsuits from their customers or lawsuits from their competitors. Poor quality in this industry can literally be a matter of life and death, in its worse cases. Being the first to bring a product to market is also critical, though the course of drug development is unpredictable. Because of the risks involved in the pharmaceutical industry, due diligence is of the utmost importance in terms of quality control measures. So these competing priorities quality and time to market must be well managed through careful process in order to reduce the risks inherent in this industry. Another current challenge for pharmaceutical companies is the pressure they are under to increase their productivity, as the number of new products reaching the market has been on the decline over the past few years. This productivity decline has led many to believe that the industry is in need of a new and better approach in its management of clinical research, drug development, and product delivery. The two key challenges in the pharmaceutical industry are quality and schedule, both of which are directly addressed by the tools and techniques used in project management. Nanotechnologies have become widely spread in medicine and pharmacy in recent years. Nanoscale drugs called drugs, which form the structure of molecules equal to or more than 1 nm in all three dimensions. Physical, chemical and pharmacological properties of nanoscale structures are very different from those for ordinary molecules. Nanoparticles similar in its characteristics to natural macromolecules involved in ensuring all biochemical functions. Fullerene molecule (C60 carbon) is highly lipophilic and its connection to another molecule leads to the formation of a lipophilic substance which pharmacokinentics will be different from the original. Lipophilicity fullerene allows you to enter it into the liposomes for aerosol administration to the lung of cancer patients. Huge prospects has fullerene chemistry, opening the possibility of the production of entirely new material. Fullerene C60 so easily attach free radicals, allowing the molecule called "radical sponge". Unlike low molecular weight substances capable of forming bonds with the limited number of targets, dendrimers may form a plurality of links. Dendrimers act as inhibitors of the interaction of virus with a cell in the early stages of viral infection. Another possibility is the use of nanoparticles drug transport to certain receptors by changing the acidity and chemical stimuls. At present, it is necessary to solve such problems of nanopharmacology: identification of physical and chemical characteristics of synthetic nanoparticles responsible for the toxicity; development of methods of predicting the potential toxicity of nanoparticles etc. Nanopharmacology can be considered as one of the most important and core technologies of the 21st century.