Mark Corson

By Q. Jensgar. Westminster College, New Wilmington Pennsylvania.

In this case the process of formation of disciples‘ positive firm individual picture of health becomes a necessary condition of their viability generic 50mg cytoxan amex. Only in such case culture creating healthy lifestyle can transform into youth‘ sense of life purchase 50mg cytoxan visa. An important role in the preservation and strengthening of health population of the country belongs to the future doctors - medical students buy cheap cytoxan 50 mg online, as one of the most important components of the health workforce. But now the problem is the outflow of young professionals of the health system - from 20 to 60% of graduates of medical schools in the country do not go to work on the obtained profession. That is why special attention should be paid to the system of training of highly qualified and motivated professionals of medical profile. It is important to assess the psychological readiness of medical students at the stages of their study at the university, which contributes to a higher quality of future specialist. Psychological readiness is a mental condition characterized by the mobilization of the resources subject of work to rapid or long- term performance of specific activities or work problems. This condition helps to successfully perform their duties, properly use the knowledge, experience, personal qualities, to maintain self-control and to rebuild the activity appears to unforeseen obstacles. Long-term readiness is a structure, which includes: 1) a positive attitude to one or another kind of activity, profession; 2) the character traits, abilities, temperament, motivation, adequate requirements of the activity; 3) the necessary knowledge, skills, abilities; 4) steady professionally important features of perception, attention, thinking, emotional and volitional processes. Temporary readiness reflects the characteristics and requirements of the upcoming situation. Its main features are the relative stability, the effectiveness of influence on the process activities, compliance with the structure of readiness optimal conditions for achieving the goal. Dynamic structure of the state of psychological readiness for complicated activities - is a holistic education that includes a number of personal characteristics, the main ones are: 1) motivational - the need to successfully perform a task, interest in activities, the desire to succeed and to show their best side; 369 2) cognitive - understanding of the duties of labor problems, evaluation of its importance for the achievement of the final results of operations and for itself personally (in terms of prestige, status), the idea of possible changes in the situation, etc. The process of forming the state of psychological readiness for activity is a sequence of inter-related procedures and activities: Stage 1 - the awareness of your needs, demands of society, collective or assigned problems other people; Stage 2 - awareness of the purpose of fulfilling tasks which will lead to the satisfaction of the needs or carry out the assigned problems; Stage 3 - understanding and estimation of conditions, in which will take place upcoming events, updated experience with problem solving and compliance with the requirements of this kind; Stage 4 - determination based on the experience and evaluation of the conditions of the upcoming activities of the most rational and possible (auxiliary) ways to solve problems or fulfill the requirements; Stage 5 - predicting manifestations your intellectual, emotional, motivational and volitional processes, evaluation of the relation of their capabilities, level of aspiration and the need to achieve a certain result; Stage 6 - the mobilization of forces according to conditions and the objective, self-hypnosis confidence in the successful achievement of objectives. Of particular importance is the formation of motivational readiness for professional work of future specialists of a medical profile. This motivational readiness to professional activity will be a key element in the training of highly qualified specialist, provide him with rapid adaptation in health care facilities, career opportunities, a desire to engage in research work, take an active part in the life of society. The main contemporary goal of high medical education is the personality and it‘s abilities orientation. It updates the introduction of personally focused education at the training of physicians. To ground a pedagogics of personally focused education to the teaching discipline "Psychiatry and Narcology. There was used a complex of methods consisted of theoretical (a generalization of the scientific literature, the rationale of personally focused education) and empirical (questionnaires, interviews to explore the subjective experience of students; direct and indirect observation) ones. Yakimanskaya‘s viewpoint that the main function of education is to discover personality and to create conditions for it‘s development on the base of subjective individual experience, ensuring the formation of criticality, independency, initiativity, creativity and their implementation into ideation and behavior. The results of the survey of university teachers of Psychiatry and Narcology department show that the scientific and pedagogical staff is aware of contradictions between traditional and personally oriented education. The study of the responses at the survey and interviews revealed that the result of traditional teaching style is formalization of the relationship between students and teachers. In case of personally oriented education open relations between the subjects of study are possible together with an individual accounting of cognition, values and personal experience of the student. To make a personally oriented environment the departmental staff ellaborated some didactic complex for the "Psychiatry and Narcology" discipline. To ensure professionally significant motivation of the students by using the portfolio analysis we identified individual characteristics and the main features of subjective experience. Students were informed beforehand concerning necessity to create a portfolio (either printed or electronic form) during the first lesson. Implementation of portfolio to the education is provided an opportunity for teachers to realize the developmental level and abilities of student in ongoing 371 preparation of doctors of somatic profile. It also helps to outline future directions of incentives, to contribute quality of training improvement, to revitalize medical care to patients with mental disorders. We have accepted the statements of some scientists about the importance of personally oriented training to the educational process (in particular, the playing, the dialog). For example, an interactive teaching method was implemented during the binary lecture on the theme "Medical and social problems of psychoactive drug abuse. Game method of learning was implemented during the practical training in mental disorders as well as in independent work on the theme "History of Psychiatry Development and Addiction". Person-oriented nature of the practical lesson "Reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder" was granted thanks to the introduction of elements of training. Ukrainian researchers note that academic training is an intensive form of group work where the emphasis is not so much for the information how to receive personal experience of professional activities. Thanks to the introduction of elements of the training the students received the opportunity to become familiar with the peculiarities of using art-therapy methods for the accumulation of resources by the survivors of traumatic events. Analysis of literature and teaching experience allow to identify the main pedagogical conditions of introduction of person-oriented education in teaching discipline "Psychiatry and Narcology". The pedagogical conditions includes the creation of personality-oriented environment in the educational space of the university, the use of student-centered teaching methods, ensuring internal professionally significant motivation of the students during the study of the discipline. The questions of improvement of the health system in Ukraine according to market requirements have gained great importance at the present stage of development of Ukraine.

You want a place that’s pretty dust/bug free cheap cytoxan 50 mg on-line, but you don’t want the storage area to be airtight buy 50 mg cytoxan mastercard, as shrooms do have to breathe just like any other living organism buy cytoxan 50 mg line. One is that my first ever batch consisted of 6 jars of manure medium and 6 of the brown rice medium, I found the rice cakes produced more ‘shrooms, and for a longer period of time than did the manure-filled jars. Rice has obvious advantages in that it’s easy to obtain—no trekking thru a pasture looking for fresh cow-shit! Perhaps the biggest advantage to the rice cake method is that when the rice cake no longer produces crops of ‘shrooms (about 2mos. Given, of course, that you detect no contaminants on the rice cake (molds or bacteria). Turning the A/C off will allow the dust in the room to settle (including the heavier mold spores which can contaminate your rice-cake medium. I wouldn’t use a towel to dry them out, though, you’ll just wipe germs & dust back on ‘em. It’s recommended that you wear a long sleeved shirt, and to pull your hair back or wear a cap or hair-net. I don’t think that the dust mask would be necessary at this point, maybe later, though... I use the distilled water that you can buy in any grocery store—I don’t trust tap water. Fill 6 or 7 jars with this mixture, or as many as will fit into your pressure cooker without stacking or jamming them in there. I recommend using the rack, that way the jars won’t tip and spill as the water boils around them. Using the rack also keeps them from breaking from the heat of the burner directly below them. For a 17 quart pressure cooker, add about 3 quarts of water, but not so much that the jars start to float and tip over. Some recommend that you rub a dab of cooking oil on the seal, so that it seals properly and is easier to close and open. Turn the stove on its highest setting and allow the pressure inside the cooker to build up to 15 lbs. You may have to turn down the stove for brief periods so that the pressure doesn’t rise to unsafe levels above 15 lbs. Now is the time for dust masks (although I use my shirt to keep from breathing germs on the jars). Long sleeves and a hat or whatever is recommended because literally millions of germs are falling off your body at any given moment. Open the pressure cooker and let the jars cool until they’re pretty close to room temp. If you remove the jars too soon, they will crack and you will have to start over with new jars, so it pays to be a little patient. You may want to tighten the lids a bit so air/germs can’t contaminate the rice cakes. Lift the lid off the jar and set it down on a sterile surface, with the inside face down. Use the sterilized wire loop/probe to gently scrape and tap the sporeprint to get the spores down onto the rice cake. If you can see dark specks fall onto the rice, you’ve done it sufficiently—anything you can see is probably several thousand spores. This will allow the spores to spread throughout the rice medium, thus increasing the chances for success. A good way to start the process is to inspect the jars carefully for cracks, invert the jar, and strike the lid against the heel of your hand. Next, unscrew the lid until it almost comes off—this allows for air to get into the jar. I usually just screw the lid on about ¾ of a turn—just enough where it won’t fall off easily. When you’ve done this for all your jars, put the jars in a safe, clean place with a fairly constant temp. In 3 days-2 weeks you should see white, fluffy mycelia appear—looks like white fuzz. Certain contaminants, molds in particular, can cause illness or even death if you ingest the contaminated ‘shrooms. These will often appear as colored (orange or pink) runny or clammy looking gunk in with the rice. Bacterial infections may also give off a kind of putrid odor, but of course you should not be taking the lids off the jars at all during this stage. Now, the rice itself will get very soft as a result of the pressure cooking, and the initial shaking of the jar may smear gel-looking gunk all over the insides of the jar. But by comparing with the rest of the jars you should be able to tell the difference between this gunk and a bacterial infection. It should take anywhere from 2 weeks to 1 month for the mycelia to completely permeate the rice medium, then it will start getting these stringy looking or fan shaped runners in the white fuzzy growth. Of course at all stages be on the lookout for any possible contaminants in the mycelia. By the way, as the mycelia mature, they may start staining blue in spots, due to bruising, I think—so don’t mistake this for a mold infection, but keep a close eye on any change in color from the white coloring. The ‘shrooms first appear as tiny white pinheads and then the caps will darken (in P.

To highlight the diversity of these peptides buy discount cytoxan 50 mg on line, we have chosen examples based not only on their thera- peutic value discount cytoxan 50mg overnight delivery, but also on the novelty of their structures and modes of action discount 50mg cytoxan mastercard. The group includes peptides having linear (noncross-linked) structures and forming α-helical structures as well as Cys-rich peptides with disulfde bonds and β-sheet structures [23]. The α-helical peptides are particularly abundant in the extracellular fuids of insects and amphibians and frequently exist as unstructured monomers in solution, becoming helical upon interaction with phospholipid membranes [84–86]. The β-sheet peptides have a diverse range of primary structures and often possess Cys residues in disulfde bonds, as is demonstrated for example by the defensin family [87]. Conventional antibiotics are largely ineffective against cystic fbrosis due to elevated salt concentrations that inhibit the usual antibacterial defenses in the lung [89]. However, the use of amphibian skin as a source of antibiotics is not restricted to this example, and several other peptide families with antimicrobial activity have been identifed, including temporins [94], bombinins [95], and bombinins H [96]. Because of their small size and potent activities, they are of particular interest for drug design. The bombinin family comprises 20–27 residues peptides with activ- ity against both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria [95, 97]. These peptides generally adopt a random coil structure an aqueous environments whereas in an apolar environment they have an amphipathic α-helix structure [97]. Although these peptides are antimicrobial, they show no cytolytic activity against mammalian cells [95, 97]. Peptides belonging to this family contain 17–20 residues, and d-amino acids are found in some peptides in this class, increasing their stability [96]. Like bombinins, these peptides typically adopt a random coil structure in an aqueous environment and an amphipathic α-helix in apolar environments [98, 99]. The presence of d-amino acids results from a post-translational modifcation involving a l–d isomerization [100], with these peptides displaying better antimicrobial activity against some bac- terial strains than the pure l-isomer [98]. These peptides have potent activity against Leishmania by rapid perturbation of the plasma membrane, and are of interest for the development of new drugs against this global infectious disease [102]. Temporins were frst identifed in the frog Rana temporaria [94] and are the shortest α-helical peptides isolated from amphibians (10–14 residues). They tend to form an amphipathic α-helical structure in hydrophobic environments, and have a net charge of 0 to +3 [103]. They are active against a wide range of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts, and protozoa) [94, 104–106] and are not toxic to mammalian cells at concentrations that kill microbes [94]. An exception is temporin L, which is highly active on bacteria, erythrocytes, and cancer cells [107]. Peptides belonging to temporin family have attractive properties, such as high activity in physiological conditions, high stability in serum [106], and low cost synthesis due to their short amino acid sequence [108], making them exciting peptides for drug design applications. Defensins are cysteine-rich peptides that participate in the host defense of mam- mals [109], insects [110], and plants [111]. They are characterized by intramolecular disulfde bonds that stabilize the structures, and frequently contain small β-sheet structures [87]. Although defensins have been isolated from many species, the α- and β-defensins of human origin are the best studied. In the α-defensins, the cysteines are paired with a 1–6, 2–4, and 3–5 confguration, whereas in the β-defensins the pairing is 1–5, 2–4, and 3–6 [72]. Many potential therapeutic applications have been suggested for defensins due to their activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, viruses, and cancer cells [109]. Fundamental differences exist between microbial and mammalian cells, including membrane com- position and architecture, transmembrane potential and polarization, and structural features, including the presence of a cell wall [83]. Bacterial membranes contain sub- stantial amounts of negatively charged phospholipids, such as phosphatidylgercerol and cardiolipin, on the external leafet. In contrast, the outer membrane layer of eukaryotic cells is composed mainly of phosphatidylcholine, sph- ingomyelin and cholesterol, all of which are neutral at physiological pH [83]. These peptides make contact with the anionic outer layer of bacterial cytoplasmic mem- branes, while the hydrophobic domain favors insertion in the membrane [121]. Several disruption models have been proposed, including pore for- mation by a barrel-stave pore [123], a toroidal pore [124], or a carpet model [125]. Each of these mechanisms depends on the electrostatic and hydrophobic properties of both the peptide and membrane [80, 126]. When the activity is associated with a cytoplasmic target, the peptide might translocate without membrane permeabilization [127, 128]. They are considered in some cases to have the possibility of synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics [131]. The altered membrane composition of cancer cells appears to be a major factor in this selectivity [133]. Typically, cancer cells have a greater negative charge due to higher expression of anionic phospholipids such as phosphatidylgercerol [134], and have a more negative transmembrane poten- tial [135] and greater membrane fuidity [136]. Several structural features have been identifed as important for the antimicrobial activity of peptides. These include size, amino acid sequence, net charge, hydropho- bicity, and amphipathicity [137, 138]. Although electrostatic attraction increases peptide concentrations at the membrane surface, disruption of the membrane depends on hydrophobic interactions between peptide and membrane [137–139]. Therefore, subtle properties of peptides are crucial in determining the extent of insertion and disruption of membrane integrity [126, 138, 140]. Neither the role of membrane composition nor the structural features of peptides required for specifcity are, as yet, fully understood [107] and predicting antimicrobial or cytotoxic activity from a given amino acid sequence is not an easy task.

The listing of the the term hydrogenated order cytoxan 50 mg with visa, or if partially common or usual name of each indi- hydrogenated generic 50 mg cytoxan with visa, the name shall include vidual leavening agent in parentheses the term partially hydrogenated order cytoxan 50mg without prescription. If each shall be in descending order of pre- fat and/or oil in a blend or the blend is dominance: Except, That if the manu- completely hydrogenated, the term facturer is unable to adhere to a con- "hydrogenated" may precede the stant pattern of leavening agents in term(s) describing the blend, e. Leav- preceding the name of each individual ening agents not present in the product fat and/or oil; if the blend of fats and/ may be listed if they are sometimes or oils is partially hydrogenated, the used in the product. Such ingredients term "partially hydrogenated" may be shall be identified by words indicating used in the same manner. If the manu- specific common or usual name of each facturer is unable to adhere to a con- individual yeast nutrient in paren- stant pattern of firming agents in the theses following the collective name food, the listing of the individual firm- "yeast nutrients", e. The listing of the com- not present in the product may be list- mon or usual name of each individual ed if they are sometimes used in the yeast nutrient in parentheses shall be product. Such ingredients shall be in descending order of predominance: identified by words indicating that Except, That if the manufacturer is un- they may not be present, such as "or", able to adhere to a constant pattern of "and/or", "contains one or more of the yeast nutrients in the product, the list- following:". The terms "food-grade" and "to usual name of each dough conditioner maintain freshness" are optional. The in parentheses shall be in descending term lac-resin may be substituted for order of predominance: Except, That if the term shellac. Such ingre- tions of species availability, the com- dients shall be identified by words indi- mon or usual name of each individual cating that they may not be present, fish species need not be listed in de- such as "or", "and/or", or "contains scending order of predominance. I (4–1–10 Edition) be declared in the ingredient statement (g) When present, the ingredient list by stating the specific common or on dietary supplement products shall usual name of each fish species that be located immediately below the nu- may be present in parentheses fol- trition label, or, if there is insufficient lowing the collective name "fish pro- space below the nutrition label, imme- tein", e. Percentage declarations shall federallregister/ be expressed to the nearest 1 percent, codeloflfederallregulations/ except that where ingredients are ibrllocations. The listing of these present at levels of 2 percent or less, names on the label shall be followed by they may be grouped together and ex- statements of: pressed in accordance with the quanti- (1) The part of the plant (e. The beling because there is no label for the name of the part of the plant shall be food, including foods that comply with expressed in English (e. In the case of an indi- thors who published the Latin name, vidual, partnership, or association, the when a positive identification cannot name under which the business is con- be made in its absence. Copies of the food; such as "Manufactured for International Code of Botanical Nomen- lll", "Distributed by lll", or any clature may be obtained from Koeltz other wording that expresses the facts. I (4–1–10 Edition) counter card, sign, tag affixed to the maintenance program, serving size de- product, or some other appropriate de- clared on a product label shall be deter- vice). Alternatively, the required infor- mined from the "Reference Amounts mation may be placed in a booklet, Customarily Consumed Per Eating Oc- looseleaf binder, or other appropriate casion * * * *" (reference amounts) format that is available at the point of that appear in §101. For products (3) Solicitation of requests for nutri- that are both intended for weight con- tion information by a statement "For trol and available only through a nutrition information write to weight-control program, a manufac- lllllllllll " on the label or turer may determine the serving size in the labeling or advertising for a that is consistent with the meal plan of food, or providing such information in the program. Such products must bear a direct written reply to a solicited or a statement, "for sale only through the unsolicited request, does not subject lll program" (fill in the blank with the label or the labeling of a food ex- the name of the appropriate weight- empted under paragraph (j) of this sec- control program, e. Serving size for meal units that are usually divided for con- products and main dish products in sumption (e. Serving size for units that are usually divided for con- meal products and main dish products sumption (e. I (4–1–10 Edition) different food, shall provide nutrition (vi) Ounces with an appropriate vis- information for each variety or food ual unit of measure, as described in per serving size that is derived from paragraph (b)(5)(iii) of this section, the reference amount in §101. The serving household measures, except as speci- size may be provided in accordance fied in paragraphs (b)(5)(iv), (b)(5)(v), with the provisions of paragraphs (b)(5)(vi), and (b)(5)(vii) of this section, (b)(2)(i), (b)(2)(ii), and (b)(2)(iii) of this the following rules shall be used: section, or alternatively in ounces with (i) Cups, tablespoons, or teaspoons an appropriate visual unit of measure, shall be used wherever possible and ap- as described in paragraph (b)(5)(iii) of propriate except for beverages. Cups shall be expressed in about 2/3 cup)" and "1 oz dry cheese 1/4- or 1/3-cup increments. Tablespoons mix (28 g/about 2 tbsp);" declared as a shall be expressed as 1, 1 1/3, 1 1/2, 1 2/ composite value: "4 oz (112 g/about 2/3 3, 2, or 3 tablespoons. Teaspoons shall cup macaroni and 2 tbsp dry cheese be expressed as 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, 1, or 2 mix)"). A description of the indi- labeled as one serving except for prod- vidual unit shall be used for other ucts that have reference amounts of 100 products in discrete units (e. Packages sold individually that are usually divided for consump- that contain 200 percent or more of the tion (e. The number of should be rounded to the nearest whole servings between 2 and 5 servings shall number except for quantities that are be rounded to the nearest 0. The gram (mL) Rounding should be indicated by the quantity between 2 and 5 g (mL) should use of the term about (e. The ounce quantity equivalent the number of servings per container to the metric quantity should be ex- provided the nutrition information is pressed in 0. The manufacturer abbreviations for units, the following may provide the typical number of abbreviations shall be used: tbsp for ta- servings in parenthesis following the blespoon, tsp for teaspoon, g for gram, "varied" statement. I (4–1–10 Edition) of individual packages within the total eggs, butter, margarine), and multipur- package. No nutrients or food compo- basis of food as packaged or purchased nents other than those listed in this with the exception of raw fish covered paragraph as either mandatory or vol- under §101. Except as provided for in fish or game meat as provided for in paragraph (j)(11) of this section, and of paragraphs (f) or (j) of this section, nu- foods that are packed or canned in trient information shall be presented water, brine, or oil but whose liquid using the nutrient names specified and packing medium is not customarily in the following order in the formats consumed (e. Declaration of nu- (1) "Calories, total," "Total cal- trient and food component content of ories," or "Calories": A statement of raw fish shall follow the provisions in the caloric content per serving, ex- §101. Declaration of the nutrient and pressed to the nearest 5-calorie incre- food component content of foods that ment up to and including 50 calories, are packed in liquid which is not cus- and 10-calorie increment above 50 cal- tomarily consumed shall be based on ories, except that amounts less than 5 the drained solids. En- (10) Another column of figures may ergy content per serving may also be be used to declare the nutrient and expressed in kilojoule units, added in food component information: parentheses immediately following the (i) Per 100 g or 100 mL, or per 1 oz or statement of the caloric content. Where either (ii) Per one unit if the serving size of specific or general food factors are a product in discrete units in a multi- used, the factors shall be applied to the serving container is more than 1 unit; actual amount (i. Amounts shall be ex- (D) Using data for specific food fac- pressed to the nearest 0.