Mark Corson

By X. Jorn. William Howard Taft University. 2018.

Remember that more electricity flows buy generic tenormin 50mg on line, and the pitch gets higher cheap 50 mg tenormin, as your skin reddens or your body changes cycle generic 50 mg tenormin otc. Your body needs a short recovery time (10 to 20 seconds) after every resonant probe. The longer the resonant probe, the longer the recovery time to reach the standard level again. In between the first and second probe a test substance will be switched in as described in lessons below. To avoid confusion it is important to practice making probes of the same pressure. Purchase a “filter pitcher” made of hard, opaque plastic, not the clear or flexible variety (see Sources). Fill the pitcher with cold tap water, only, not reverse osmosis, distilled, or any other water, since solvents do not filter out as easily as heavy metals. If your water has lead, copper or cadmium from corroded plumbing, the filter will clog in five days of normal use. So use this pitcher sparingly, just for making test substances and for operating the Syncrometer. Prepare these as follows: find three medium-sized vitamin bottles, glass or plastic, with non-metal lids. Next, pour about the same amount of filtered water into the second and third bottles. If the second probe sounds even a little higher you are not at the standard level. While you are learning, let your piano also help you to learn the standard level (starts exactly at F). If you do not rest and you resonate the circuit before returning to the standard level, the results will become aberrant and useless. The briefer you keep the resonant probe, the faster you return to the standard level. In later lessons we assume you checked for your standard level or are quite sure of it. White Blood Cells Checking for resonance between your white blood cells and a toxin is the single most important test you can make. In addition to making antibodies, interferon, inter- leukins, and other attack chemicals, they also “eat” foreign sub- stances in your body and eliminate them. Because no matter where the foreign substance is, chances are some white blood cells are working to remove it. They can be en- cysted in a particular tissue which will test positive, while the white blood cells continue to test negative. Also, when bacteria and viruses are in their latent form, they do not show up in the white blood cells. Freon is an example of a toxin that is seldom found in the white blood cells; but typically, the white blood cells are excellent indicators of toxins. Making a White Blood Cell Specimen Obtain an empty vitamin bottle with a flat plastic lid and a roll of clear tape. The white blood cells are not going into the bottle, they are going on the bottle. Squeeze an oil gland on your face or body to obtain a ribbon of whitish matter (not mixed with blood). Spread it in a single, small streak across the lid of the bottle or the center of the glass slide. Stick a strip of clear tape over the streak on the bottle cap so that the ends hang over the edge and you can easily see where the specimen was put (see photo). The bottle type of white blood cell specimen is used by standing it on its lid (upside down) so that the specimen is next to the plate. If the circuit is now resonating, the junk food is already in your white blood cells. Take vitamin C and a B-50 complex to clear it rapidly; it may have had propyl alcohol or ben- zene in it. Place your white blood cell specimen on one plate and the water sample on the other. If it appears in your white blood cells at any time you can conclude the water is not pure. Trouble shooting: a) If you repeat this experiment and you keep getting the same bottles “wrong”, start over. You may have accidentally contaminated or mislabeled the outside of the bottle, or switched bottle caps. However, I prefer to place a small amount (the size of a pea) of the substance into a ½ ounce bottle of filtered water. There will be many chemical reactions between the substance and the water to produce a number of test substances all contained in one bottle. Within the body, where salt and water are abundant, similar reactions may occur between elements and water. Since the electronic properties of elemental copper are not the same as for copper compounds, we would miss many test results if we used only dry elemental copper as a test substance.

In microporous reservoir systems 100 mg tenormin visa, drug molecules are released by diffusion through the micropores purchase 50 mg tenormin with amex, which are usually filled with either water or oil (e discount tenormin 50 mg online. Solvent-loading of a porous membrane device is achieved simply by immersing the device in the solvent. When this technique presents some difficulty, the implantable device is placed inside a pressure vessel and pressure is then applied to facilitate the filling of the solvent into pores. The selection of a solvent is obviously of paramount importance, since it affects drug permeability and solubility. In this system, the pathway of drug transport is no longer straight, but tortuous. The porosity ε of the membrane and the tortuosity τ of the pathway must therefore also be considered. As for the non-porous reservoir device, in the microporous system, both: • the surface area of the membrane and • the drug concentration in the reservoir compartment remain unchanged, thus “M t” kinetics is again demonstrated and zero-order controlled release is attained (Figure 4. The capsules are surgically implanted subdermally, in a fan-like pattern, in the mid- portion of the upper arm. The implant releases levonorgestrel continuously at the rate of 30 µg/day (the same daily dose provided by the oral uptake of the progestin-only minipill) over a 5-year period. After the capsules are removed, patients are promptly returned to normal fertility. The implant is surgically placed in the vitreous cavity of the eye and delivers therapeutic levels of ganciclovir for up to 32 weeks. Matrix-type implants are fabricated by physically mixing the drug with a polymer powder and shaping the mixture into various geometries (e. The total payload of a drug determines the drug’s physical state in a polymer: • Dissolved: the drug is soluble in the polymer matrix. A dissolved matrix device (also known as a monolithic solution) appears at a low payload. When the drug content occupies more than 30% volume of the polymer matrix, the leaching of drug particles results in the formation of pores or microchannels that are interconnected. Regardless of a drug’s physical state in the polymeric matrix, the release rate of the drug decreases over time. As release continues, molecules must travel a greater distance to reach the exterior of the implant and thus increase the time required for release (Figure 4. This increased diffusion time results in a decrease in the release rate from the device with time (Figure 4. Numerous equations have been developed to describe drug release kinetics obtainable with dissolved, dispersed, and porous-type matrix implants, in different shapes, including spheres, slabs and cylinders. Suffice to say here that in all cases, the release rate initially decreases proportionally to the square root of time: (Equation 4. Thus a reservoir system can provide constant release with time (zero-order release kinetics) whereas a matrix system provides decreasing release with time (square root of time-release kinetics). A summary of the drug release properties of reservoir and matrix nondegradable devices in given in Table 4. The decreasing drug release rate with time of a matrix system can be partially offset either by: • designing a special geometry that provides increasing surface over time (this strategy is used in the Compudose implant, described in Section 4. The initial diffusion of drug molecules leaves a drug- depleted polymeric zone with a length h, which increases with time. This event leads to an increase in diffusional distance over time System Release Mechanism Release Properties Release Kinetics Matrix Diffusion through a polymeric Drug release decreases with time Square root of time release “M t1/ matrix 2” 4. This particular design, consisting of a thin layer of the drug-containing matrix and a relatively thick drug-free inert core, minimizes tailing in the drug release profile. When this implant is placed under the skin of an animal, estradiol is released and enters into systemic circulation. This stimulates the animal’s pituitary gland to produce more growth hormone and causes the animal to gain weight at a greater rate. At the end of the growing period, the implant can be easily removed to allow a withdrawal period before slaughter. The Compudose implant is available with a thick silicone rubber coating (Compudose-400) and releases estradiol over 400 days, whereas one with a thinner coating (Compudose-200) releases the drug for up to 200 days. Once implanted in the animal’s ear, the implant delivers estradiol valerate at the rate of 504 µg cm−2 day−1/2 over a period of 16 days. Such systems are designed in an attempt to improve the “M t1/2” release kinetics of a matrix system, so that release approximates the zero-order release rate of a reservoir device. The mixture is blended with a cross-linking agent, which results in the formation of millions of individually sealed microreservoirs. The mixture is then placed in a silicone polymer tube for in situ polymerization and molding. Drug molecules initially diffuse through the microreservoir membrane and then through the silicone polymer coating membrane. This implant provides zero-order release kinetics, rather than square root of time-release kinetics. The two open ends of the implant do not affect the observed zero-order release pattern because their surface area is insignificant compared to the implant’s total surface area. The drug permeation through the polymer membrane occurs at a rate that is 20 times slower than that through the polymer matrix, thus diffusion through the membrane is rate-limiting, which again improves the matrix-type square root of time-release kinetics, so that the release is like the zero-order release rate of a reservoir device. Following implantation in the upper arm, a single rod of Implanon releases 3-ketodesogestrel at the rate of > 30 µg/day for up to 3 years. However, some fundamental limitations of such implants include: • The implants must be surgically removed after they are depleted of drug.

Liver cheap 50mg tenormin otc, gallbladder buy tenormin 50 mg mastercard, pancreas buy generic tenormin 100mg online, and duodenum with associated ducts and blood vessels. Some of its important functions include: enzymes that pass into the duodenum through the (3) pancreatic duct. The pancreatic duct • producing bile, used in the small intestine to extends along the pancreas and, together with the emulsify and absorb fats (4) hepatic duct from the liver, enters the (5) duo- • removing glucose (sugar) from blood to synthe- denum. The digestive enzymes produced by the size glycogen (starch) and retain it for later use pancreas contain trypsin, which breaks down pro- • storing vitamins, such as B12,A,D,E,andK teins; amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates; • destroying or transforming toxic products and lipase, which breaks down fat. Bile is Pancreas also drained from the liver through the (8) right The (2) pancreas is an elongated, somewhat flat- hepatic duct and the (9) left hepatic duct. These tened organ that lies posterior and slightly inferi- two structures eventually form the hepatic duct. It performs both endocrine and (10) cystic duct of the gallbladder merges with the exocrine functions. As an endocrine gland, the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, which pancreas secretes insulin directly into the blood- leads into the duodenum. It is time to review anatomy of the accessory organs of digestion by completing Learning Activity 6–2. Anatomy and Physiology 111 Connecting Body Systems–Digestive System The main function of the digestive system is to provide vital nutrients for growth, maintenance, and repair of all organs and body cells. Specific functional relationships between the digestive system and other body systems are discussed below. Nervous • Pancreas contains hormone-producing • Digestive system supplies nutrients for cells. Respiratory • Digestive system absorbs nutrients needed Genitourinary by cells in the lungs and other tissues in • Digestive system provides adequate nutri- the respiratory tract. The lowest portion of drugs to forms that can be excreted the pharynx divides into two tubes: one in urine. Assessment of Although some digestive disorders may be without a suspected digestive disorder includes a thorough symptoms (asymptomatic), many are associated history and physical examination. A range of diag- with such symptoms as nausea, vomiting, bleeding, nostic tests assist in identifying abnormalities of the pain, and weight loss. Severe For diagnosis, treatment, and management of infection, drug toxicity, hepatic disease, and changes digestive disorders, the medical services of a spe- in fluid and electrolyte balance can cause behavioral cialist may be warranted. Gastroentero- Ulcerative colitis is associated with a higher risk logists do not perform surgeries; however, under of colon cancer. Severe cases may require surgical the broad classification of surgery, they do perform creation of an opening (stoma) for bowel evacua- such procedures as liver biopsy and endoscopic tion to a bag worn on the abdomen. Hernia Ulcer A hernia is a protrusion of any organ, tissue, or An ulcer is a circumscribed open sore, on the skin structure through the wall of the cavity in which it or mucous membranes within the body. A third type of ulceration that affects the able and appears as a soft lump under the skin, no digestive system is associated with a disorder called larger than a marble. Both of these prod- supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure, ucts are found in gastric juice and normally act on a (2) strangulated hernia may develop leading to food to begin the digestive process. The strong action of these digestive products can destroy the protective defenses of the mucous membranes of the stomach and duodenum, causing the lining to erode. The spiral shape of this organism helps it to burrow into the mucosa, weakening it and making it more susceptible to the action of pepsin and stom- ach acid. If left untreated, mucosal destruction produces a hole (perforation) in the wall lining with resultant bleeding from the damaged area. It is characterized 1) Inguinal hernia by profuse, watery diarrhea containing varying amounts of blood, mucus, and pus. Ulcerative coli- tis is distinguished from other closely related bowel disorders by its characteristic inflammatory pattern. The inflammation involves only the mucosal lining of the colon, and the affected portion of the colon is uniformly involved, with Figure 6-5. An (3) umbilical hernia is Hemorrhoids a protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel. It occurs more commonly in obese women and Enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the among those who have had several pregnancies. Often they Hernias also occur in newborn infants (congeni- may bleed, hurt, or itch. Treatment consists of surgical pressure, such as from straining during bowel repair of the hernia (hernioplasty) with suture of movement, pregnancy, and standing or sitting for the abdominal wall (herniorrhaphy). They may also be associated with Although hernias most commonly occur in some disorders of the liver or the heart. Two forms of this type include water and juices plays a pivotal role in hemorrhoid (4) diaphragmatic hernia, a congenital disorder, prevention. Temporary relief from hemorrhoids and (5) hiatal hernia, in which the lower part of can usually be obtained by cold compresses, sitz the esophagus and the top of the stomach slides baths, stool softeners, or analgesic ointments. With hiatal hernia, stomach acid backs involves surgical removal (hemorrhoidectomy). Although many Hepatitis hiatal hernias are asymptomatic, if the disease con- tinues for a prolonged period, it may cause gastroe- Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver. The usual causes include exposure to toxic sub- stances, especially alcohol; obstructions in the bile ducts; metabolic diseases; autoimmune diseases; Intestinal Obstruction and bacterial or viral infections.

Evaluation of Flank Pain 677 in proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium and calcium order 50 mg tenormin fast delivery, which decreases total urinary calcium excretion order 100mg tenormin overnight delivery. Acute Pyelonephritis Acute pyelonephritis indicates infection of the kidney and renal pelvis accompanied by fever generic tenormin 50mg overnight delivery, flank pain, and infected urine. Bacterial pyelonephritis typically involves an infection of the renal interstitium and collecting system. Bacterial invasion of the kidney results in a humoral response that activates the complement cascade. The polymorphonuclear leukocytes release superoxide radicals that damage not only bacteria but also the sur- rounding renal tissue. In the United States, the majority of cases of pyelonephritis are due to the Enterobacteriaceae group of bacteria, mainly E. Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Staphylococcus also can cause pyelonephritis. Renal abscess can form if treatment is delayed, with resultant renal parenchyma loss. In the pediatric population, children with vesi- coureteral reflux are at risk for pylonephritis and renal scarring, since the kidney matures until approximately age 7 (Fig. The clinical onset of acute pyelonephritis can be sudden and dramatic; shaking chills with fevers of 38° to 40°C are not uncommon. Symptoms of lower urinary tract infection, such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria, may have preceded the acute event by several days. Costovertebral angle tenderness usually is severe due to inflammation of the kidney and surrounding anatomy. Risk Factors Risk factors for acute pyelonephritis include vesicoureteral reflux, obstruction of the urinary tract, and hematogenous infection. Reflux typically occurs in children, and, since their kidneys are still matur- ing, acute pyelonephritis can interfere with kidney growth and devel- opment. Obstructions can be caused by several factors, including stricture, stone, or pregnancy. Normally, bacteria in the urinary tract are washed out by ureteral peristalsis and proper bladder emptying; however, obstruction disables the former defense mechanism. Other risk factors include diabetes mellitus, since there is increased substrate availability in the kidney. Gas-forming organisms could result in emphysematous pyelonephritis, which may require nephrec- tomy. Patients with neurogenic bladder and the elderly also are at increased risk, since urinary emptying may not be complete in these patients. Finally, females are more prone to develop acute pyelonephri- tis due to their shorter urethral length compared to the male urethra. Management Treatment of pyelonephritis consists of intravenous fluid hydration and antibiotic therapy. In mild cases, oral antibiotics can be considered; however, if a positive clinical response is not noted within 24 hours, hospitalization with intravenous antibiotics should be implemented. Following intravenous antibiotics, 75% to 80% of patients improve clinically and become afebrile within 72 hours. Once patients have been afebrile for 24 to 48 hours, they may be switched to oral antibiotics. A 14- to 21-day total course of antibiotics is recommended to ensure effective sterilization of the kidney and helps reduce the incidence of renal scarring. Urologic intervention is necessary if pyelonephritis occurs in the presence of an obstruction, such as a ureteral calculus. In this situa- tion, antibiotics are not effective until the purulent urine behind the obstruction is drained via nephrostomy or ureteral stent. In cases of renal abscess formation, percutaneous drainage and intravenous anti- biotic therapy usually are effective. Urinary Tract Tumors Urinary tract tumors, such as renal cell carcinomas, tumors of the urinary collecting system, and bladder tumors, can cause flank pain when the tumor obstructs the urinary tract. These tumors also cause pain when they are large and stretch the ram capsule or when they invade surrounding structures (Fig. In this sit- uation, flank pain could result from stretching of the renal capsule or direct invasion into surrounding tissues. There may be prior episodes of gross hematuria, flank pain, or weight loss in patients with urologic malignancies. Renal cell tumors are relatively uncommon and account for 3% of adult malignancies. Most renal tumors (90%) are adenocarcinomas and originate from the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. These tumors usually are unilateral and grow inwardly toward the medulla of the kidney. If gross hematuria is present, it indicates that the tumor has invaded the collecting system of the kidney. Only an advanced tumor would produce flank pain, since a stage 1 tumor is confined to the kidney. Tumors that penetrate the renal capsule but remain within Gerota’s fascia are considered grade 2. A grade 3 tumor has spread locally and can cause flank pain, as can a grade 4 tumor, which is metastatic. Grade 4 tumors are treated with chemotherapy, but excision is sometimes necessary for relief of pain or to control bleeding.