Mark Corson

By I. Ramirez. South Dakota State University.

Tese allow the user to individually use several difer- ent frequencies of light 20 mcg atrovent visa, specifc for each forensic application discount atrovent 20mcg otc. Te particular wavelength one uses depends upon what evidence the forensic investigator is seeking purchase 20 mcg atrovent otc. Tere are optimal wavelengths for diferent applications; therefore, the color (frequency) of the light and blocking flters will vary. Research and investigation of pattern injuries on human skin has shown that peak fuo- rescence of the epidermis occurs at 430 to 460 nm14,15 and is deep blue in coloration. Some of it gets scattered, some is absorbed, and some is remitted as fuorescent light. When illumi- nated with an alternate light source, the electrons of these excited molecules return to their normal state by releasing energy in the form of light. Te light that is emitted during this transition is of a lower frequency and weaker than the incident light. Te scientifc explanation for this phenomenon was described many years ago by Professor G. Light returning to the camera must be fltered to allow only the fuo- rescent image to be captured. In documenting injury patterns, this fltra- tion is accomplished with a yellow flter such as the Kodak gelatin 15 flter, which blocks light transmission in the 400 to 500 nm range (Figures 11. One can imagine the difculty in setting up and capturing this kind of photograph, especially when the exposure times can range up to 2 to 4 seconds in length and the subject is alive and moving. Experience has shown that slightly underexposing one to two f-stops will produce better results than the actual metered exposure. Tis is true because during longer exposures, even the fuo- rescent light coming back to the camera is still bright enough to wash out some of the fne detail in the injury at the metered “correct” exposure factor. Several variables can infuence the photographic protocol and param- eters of exposure. Skin color (amount of melanin), skin thickness, wound healing response, light intensity, flm speed, and location of the injury are but a few factors that afect the exposure times. Tick skin as found on the palm of the hand and sole of the foot fuoresces more than the thin skin cover- ing the face. Darkly pigmented skin will require longer exposure times than lighter skin because more light is absorbed by the melanin pigmentation of the darker skin. Persons who bruise easily, such as the elderly, will produce injuries that may require shorter exposure times due to the thinness of the skin, but one can also expect longer exposures when greater hemorrhaging occurs beneath the skin since the blood absorbs light. Te appearance of the injury using non- visible light illumination cannot be seen by the naked eye. Once recorded, the image must then be converted to a media from which it can be visualized. Tey are placed between the injury and the flm or digital sensor, usually on the front of the lens of the camera. Te flters allow only the selected wavelengths of light to pass to the flm or digital sensor. It is important that several factors be considered when attempting to photograph injuries in nonvisible light (Figures 11. For flm-based nonvisible light photography, one must consider the type of flm being used. Te flm’s photoemulsion must be sensitive to the light wavelength the flter is allowing it to “see. Te camera’s expo- sure settings (f-stop and shutter speeds) must be set to properly bracket for the type of light being used. Te forensic photographer, as a rule, will practice using his or her camera and establishing techniques before photographing actual cases. Keep in mind that each camera is slightly difer- ent and these starting points may not work for every camera. For digital nonvisible light photography, the photographer must ensure that the digital sensor is capable of recording the wavelengths of nonvisible light being used. Most commercially available digital cameras are designed to block the nonvisible ends of the spectrum. Second, the exact amount of focal shif to produce a sharp photograph must be determined. With viewing screens on the newer digital cameras designed specifcally for nonvisible imaging, focal shif can be determined long before the image is acquired36 (Figure 11. Developing confdence and getting predictable Forensic dental photography 225 Figure 11. Available and predictable sources of nonvisible lighting are listed below for both ultraviolet and infrared photography. Tis list is by no means totally inclusive and is intended to be a potential resource. It is possible to fnd sources of adequate nonvisible light other than those listed here. By defnition, focus shif is “the dis- tance between the visible focus and either the infrared or ultraviolet focus. Focus shif is necessary because nonvisible wavelengths do not behave in the same way as visible light as they pass through a compound lens. Most lenses are chro- matically corrected to work within the 400 to 700 nm wavelengths (visible light).

The tantric student must five yoga videos that highlight the practice of be “endowed with purity order 20mcg atrovent amex, faith buy atrovent 20 mcg without a prescription, devotion order atrovent 20mcg online, ded- partner yoga in 1978, and White is also the ication to Guru, dispassion, humility, courage, author of Double Yoga (New York: Penguin, cosmic love, truthfulness, non-covetousness, 1981). Tibetan yoga: A method of yoga little known in vigorous and consists of alignment, breath, and the West, Tibetan yoga is the name used by the basic yoga principles. White Lotus includes Buddhists to describe tantric meditation and the Flow Series, or Flow Yoga, which uses breathwork. In 1939 Peter Kelder published proper body alignment, attunement with Ancient Secret of the Fountain of Youth (New York: breath, focused attention, and the development Doubleday, 1998), which contains a series of of a balance of strength, flexibility, and postures called “The Five Rites of Rejuvena- endurance. Kilham’s book acre retreat in the Santa Ynez Mountains in explains five flowing movements that start Santa Barbara, California, offers weekend and with 10 to 12 repetitions and progress to 21, week-long yoga-immersion experiences as well with the purpose of restoring the spin of the as 16-day teacher-training programs. YogaDance: A combination of standing move- if the chakras are perfectly balanced, the body ments and yogic stretches developed by Jeff 172 yoga Hoffman, a native New Jersey yogi for 27 years, ardha matsayana (half-fish). Yoga therapy is the practice focuses on relaxation, breath, known to be beneficial as a preventive health self-observation, and individual awareness, and exercise regimen and as complementary according to Hoffman, whose website is www. Simple and common yoga asanas tism, anxiety, migraines, insomnia, nerve or (postures) include balasana (the child’s posture), muscle disease, menstrual problems and pre- paschimottanasana (posterior stretch), bhujan- menstrual syndrome, menopause symptoms, gasana (cobra), shalabhasana (locust), ardha mat- high blood pressure, heart disease, asthma, syendrasana (half-spinal twist), shavasana bronchitis, duodenal ulcer, hemorrhoids, dia- (corpse), sarvangasana (shoulder stand), and betes, obesity, and substance addictions. Z zanfu zhi qi The energy, or qi, of the body’s energetic zones for the treatment of a variety of organs, according to traditional Chinese medicine. After the laryngologist William Fitzger- ald, of Saint Francis Hospital in Connecticut, found zang fu The term for the internal organ systems that zone therapy with finger pressure applied to in traditional Chinese medicine. It aims to bodily reflexes (reflex points) and regions on the help relieve physical and mental symptoms, soles of the feet, which contain approximately improve the ability to deal with stress, and organize 7,200 nerve endings. When finger pressure is vibratory fields in order to promote a sense of applied to certain areas—the ball of the foot, rep- wholeness and well-being. Founded in 1991, the resenting the lungs and breast, for example—stim- Zero Balancing Association represents the integra- ulation and a healing effect are directed to the tion of Eastern views of energy with Western views lungs or breast. Ingham’s techniques brought forth of science and teaches how to use energy as a work- reflexology, as it is known today, as a form of ing tool in relation to body structure. More information is zong qi In Chinese traditional medicine energy, available by contacting www. Zukav, of California, became one Zikr The Sufi practice of remembrance that of the New Age movement’s intellectual explor- includes chanting, drumming, meditating, releas- ers with his vision that goes beyond physics and ing false impressions and delusions, and embracing science to the new mind-expanding theory of new dimensions of inner reality. Zukav is also the author zone therapy Originally, European technique of The Seat of the Soul (New York: Simon & Schus- that involves the stimulation of the body’s regional ter, 1989). As a result, many schools that taught prac- appear not to conform to standard medical prac- tices such as homeopathy were closed, homeopaths tice, or are not generally taught at accredited med- were shunned and stigmatized, and their therapies ical schools. The scope of alternative medicine is became the “alternatives” to the standards that broad, with widespread use among the American evolved after acceptance of the Flexner reports. In public of a long list of treatments and practices, contrast, Osteopathic schools like allopathic schools such as acupuncture, homeopathy, relaxation tech- developed rigorous standards and practices. Alternative Systems and Techniques Medicine, Murray and Rubel comment, “Many are well known, others are exotic and mysterious, and Most observers from outside the fields of alterna- some are dangerous. Many such therapies are and the medical profession might deal with the characterized by a charismatic leader or proponent, issues surrounding these unconventional measures and are driven by ideology; some spring from folk in health and healing. Among other acupuncturists, naturopaths, and homeopathic outcomes, the resulting changes in medical educa- therapists) and unregulated, particularly those tion led to the acceptance of the biological, disease- dealing in alternative nutritional therapy. The recuperative power of the human chicken soup for colds and honey and lemon tea body and the potential for certain stimuli to for sore throat. Most folk medicine is not done enhance this natural healing are central to many for personal enrichment and is noncommercial. Anecdotal testimonials are the main • A belief that personal experience and anecdote basis for the “success” of these modalities. Theories of Alternative Medicine blind studies, and found to be both safe and effective for the specific condition for which Mind-Body Interventions their use is proposed. Such trials should be spiritual well-being in persons and a feeling of conducted under the supervision of recognized wholeness even in the face of a disease process or entities such as the Food and Drug Administra- condition. Many of the herbal, homeo- to orthodox clinicians—stress management pathic, and dietary products described in the through meditation, music and art therapy, hyp- previous narrative would fall in this category. Some of the clinical applications of these poisonous techniques are, however, decidedly unconven- Herbal Remedies tional. Guided imagery to produce spontaneous remission of cancer, for example, or hypnotherapy Herbal medicine is a booming industry in the for immune disorders and hemophilia fall into this United States. Growth is expected to continue at 10% to into the “nonlocal effects of consciousness” as well 15% per year through 1997. Four-fifths of all peo- as for more traditional kinds of review such as the ple, worldwide, still rely to a great extent on tradi- effects of personal belief, values, and meaning on tional medicines based on plants and their components. The use of herbs in medicine is ancient in its ori- Diet/Nutrition gins, and several examples are well known to both The knowledge that good nutrition and a balanced physicians and the public: foxglove as the treat- diet help maintain health is not new, or news. A cor- ment for “dropsy” and later, the source for digitalis, nerstone of belief in most alternative systems is the and quinine’s origins in Cinchona bark. New thera- repudiation of the “modern, affluent diet” and its pies such as taxol continue to show the usefulness replacement with a diet rich in whole, “organic” of plants as a source of our pharmacopoeia. Many heal- director of collaborative services in the Department ers maintain that certain diets promote anti-tumor of Pharmacology at the University of Illinois at immunity or cardiovascular health; other regimens Chicago, a national botanical authority, states that advocate specific micronutrients or vitamins for par- only 90 plant species account for most of the plant- ticular conditions or overall longevity. There seems derived drugs in common use by physicians, about to be a continuum of beliefs ranging from promoting 120 drugs in all. Basic to the use of herbs in alternative medicine Much of the dietary intervention stressed by is the belief that whole plant material is superior to alternative healers is prudent and reasonable. The synthesized or isolated chemicals derived from American diet is unarguably too rich in fat and plant sources. Dietitians and nutritionists are roots, or leaves, used singly or in combination, licensed in many states, and are an invaluable often taken in the form of teas, or ground and source of advice to physicians and patients alike taken as tablets, or used in salves.

She worries that others will discover that she doesn’t deserve her professional success purchase atrovent 20mcg amex. She realizes that atrovent 20mcg lowest price, for the last decade atrovent 20 mcg without prescription, she has neglected friends and family in pursuit of success. Now, she feels lonely and despondent; success hasn’t brought her the happiness she expected, and her anxiety and depression have only increased. Molly sees a psychologist, and together they identify her self-sabotaging tendencies. She keeps a diary in which she records her acts of self-sabotage and responses to them. Part I: Analyzing Angst and Preparing a Plan 40 Worksheet 3-13 Molly’s Self-Sabotage Diary Day Self-Sabotage Response to Self-Sabotage Sunday It was raining today, so I Obviously, not a helpful thing to do. Everyone does the gym like my that sometimes, but I want to try and psychologist suggested. Monday I scraped my car on a I guess dumping on myself isn’t pole in the parking lot. I need to accept was so upset — it ruined my flaws and imperfections if I’m my day. Tuesday I was supposed to Wow, I guess that’s just another complete an exercise excuse. Thursday My assignment today When I try to do something difficult, I was to ask a friend out become so anxious I can’t think for coffee. I need to slow down, give it started thinking about some time, and relax — then go calling, I felt confused back at it. In the middle column of Worksheet 3-14, write down any thought or action from that day that you feel limits your efforts at overcoming your anxiety or depression. In the right-hand column, write down how helpful (if at all) you think the self- sabotage may have been as well as any arguments you can find against it. Maintain this diary for at least one week; keep it up much longer if you continue to see lots of self-sabotage. Criticizing yourself for the sabotage you notice yourself committing only leads to more sab- otage. Chapter 3: Overcoming Obstacles to Change 41 Worksheet 3-14 My Self-Sabotage Diary Day Self-Sabotage Response to Self-Sabotage Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday You can download extra copies of this form at www. Rewriting your self-sabotaging scripts Our minds create stories — about ourselves, our lives, and our worlds. For example, you may have a long- running play in your mind that has you as its central character. Try creating a new story about you and your life that allows you to ultimately succeed. But remember, in addition to success, the new story needs to contain realistic struggle and difficulty. Part I: Analyzing Angst and Preparing a Plan 42 Worksheet 3-15 Molly’s Current Life-Script I might have money and a little prestige, but I deserve none of it. Although it takes her a while to start believing it, gradually she begins to see her life in a new light. Worksheet 3-16 Molly’s New Life-Script I have a good job, and I worked very hard to get it. Besides, I’m capable of learning new behaviors, and I’m working on my irritability. This will be a struggle for me, but I see myself cutting back a little on my work and making new friends. In Worksheet 3-17, write your current life-script, including how you see yourself today and in the future. Be sure to include your thoughts on hope, change, possibilities, as well as struggle. Worksheet 3-17 My Current Life-Script Worksheet 3-18 My New Life-Script Chapter 4 Minding Your Moods In This Chapter Listening to your body Figuring out your feelings Connecting events and feelings Tracking thoughts, events, and feelings ou can’t overcome anxiety and depression by running on autopilot. In this chapter, we provide instructions for observing the relationships among your feelings, your thoughts, and the happenings in your life. This information helps you become more aware of the physical components of depression and anxiety. Some people aren’t very good at identifying their feelings, so we help you by providing a list of feeling words. Finally, we show you how to become aware of how thoughts link up with feelings, events, and bodily sensations. Deciphering Body Signals Your heart may race or your hands may sweat when you feel anxious. Monitoring your bodily sensations gives you an early warning that a storm of emotional distress is brewing. Tyler begins to understand his body’s signals by monitoring phys- ical sensations on a daily basis. He jots down any time that he feels something uncomfortable in his body and includes information about what was going on at the time. Worksheet 4-1 Tyler’s Body Responses Tracking Sheet Body Response How did my body feel? Breathing/ I could tell my Tuesday evening while talking with Increased heart breathing was rapid my ex-wife. Headaches None this week Posture I noticed I’m walking I notice this mostly after lunch on around stooped Thursday and Friday. Other: Dizziness, Spacey and Saturday morning before paying sweating, lightness, light-headed bills.

Further Reading Although regional and ethnic variations make it difficult to Feldman generic atrovent 20 mcg free shipping, S order 20 mcg atrovent. At the Threshold: The Develop- generalize about the “average” age at which American ado- ing Adolescent purchase atrovent 20 mcg amex. New York: Ballantine Books, young people indicate that more adolescents are sexually 1994. You and Your Adolescent: A Par- For many years, researchers studied the psychologi- ent’s Guide for Ages 10 to 20. New York: HarperPerenni- cal and social characteristics of adolescents who en- al, 1991. Indeed, several recent studies show that sexual activity during adolescence is decidedly not associated Adoption with psychological disturbance. A practice in which an adult assumes the role of Although it is incorrect to characterize adolescence parent for a child who is not his or her biological as a time when the family ceases to be important, or as a offspring. Informal adoptions occur when a relative or geoning interest in infant adoptions, many states legislat- stepparent assumes permanent parental responsibilities ed investigations of prospective adoptive parents and without court involvement. Specific require- the 1950s the demand for healthy white infants began to ments for adoption vary among states and countries. Agencies began to establish match- Adoptions can be privately arranged through individuals ing criteria in an attempt to provide the best fit between or agencies, or arranged through a public agency such as characteristics of the child or birth parents and the adop- a state’s child protective services. Adoptees may be in- tive parents, matching on items such as appearance, eth- fants or older children; they may be adopted singly or as nicity, education, and religious affiliation. By the 1970s sibling groups; and they may come from the local area or it was not uncommon for parents to wait 3-5 years after from other countries. Adoptive parents may be tradition- their initial application to a private adoption agency be- al married couples, but they may also be single men or fore they had a healthy infant placed with them. Parents may be child- trends resulted from a decrease in the numbers of infants less or have other children. In contrast, modern American adoption laws are fants, prospective adoptive parents turned increasingly to written in support of the best interests of the child, not of international and transracial adoptions. The the Industrial Revolution, large numbers of immigrant one child policy of the Chinese government has provided children who were often in need of care, and a growing a new source of infants to American families, and recent- concern for child welfare. Because of the poor health con- ly many adoptees have come from Peru, Colombia, El ditions in the tenements of large cities, many children were Salvador, Mexico, the Philippines, and India. These dependent children were sometimes placed in almshouses with the mentally The civil rights movement of the 1960s was accom- ill, and sometimes in foundling homes plagued by high panied by an increase in the number of transracial adop- mortality rates. In the 1850s the Children’s Aid Society of tions involving black children and white parents. These New York City began to move dependent children out of adoptions peaked in 1971, and one year later the Nation- city institutions. Between 1854 and 1904 orphan trains car- al Association of Black Social Workers issued a state- ried an estimated 100,000 children to the farms of the Mid- ment opposing transracial adoption. They argued that west where they were placed with families and generally white families were unable to foster the growth of psy- expected to help with farm work in exchange for care. Trans- racial adoptions now account for a small percentage of Massachusetts became the first state to pass legisla- all adoptions, and these most frequently involve Korean- tion mandating judicial supervision of adoptions in 1851, born children and white American families. During the early part of the 20th century it While healthy infants have been much in demand was standard practice to conduct adoptions in secret and for adoption during the last 50 years, the number of other with records sealed, in part to protect the parties in- children waiting for adoptive homes has grown. The development of formula feeding 1980, giving subsidies to families adopting children with allowed for the raising of infants without a ready supply special needs that typically make a child hard to place. Types of adoption Children removed from families for protective issues Adoption arrangements are typically thought of as are sometimes reunited with their parents after a stay in either closed or open. Actually, they may involve many temporary foster homes and after the parents have had the varying degrees of openness about identity and contact chance to rehabilitate and are able to care adequately for between the adoptive family and the birth family. On the other hand, it may be decided that extreme is the closed adoption in which an intermediary reunification is not a feasible objective for a particular third party is the only one who knows the identity of both family and a permanent home is then sought. The child may be told he family then plays a major role in the child’s transition to or she is adopted, but will have no information about his his or her “forever family. When the stigma attached to with permanent homes and the resulting sense of security births out of wedlock was greater, most adoptions were and attachment as soon as possible gives rise to another closed and records permanently sealed; however, a move type of adoption, the legal risk adoption. Currently about half prospective adoptive home prior to the legal termination of the states allow access to sealed records with the mutu- of parental rights and subsequent freeing of the child for al consent of adoptee and birth parent, and others have adoption. In these cases, child protective services are search processes through intermediary parties available. Some research and clinical observation sug- will ultimately decide in favor of the adoptive placement. Why do I have this musical is the risk that the adoption may not be finalized and that ability? Other important the child will be returned to his or her birth parents, so- medical history may be critical to the adoptee’s health cial service agencies generally do not recommend such care planning. For birth mothers, sometimes they simply placements unless, in their best judgments, the potential want to know that their child turned out okay. The move to open records lead to an increase in Whether the child is free for adoption or a legal risk open adoptions in which information is shared from the placement, there is generally a waiting period before the beginning. Open adoptions may be completely open, as adoption is finalized or recognized by the courts.